Figure 4.1, page 77
use http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/examples/alda/data/alcohol1_pp graph twoway (scatter alcuse age) (lfit alcuse age) /// if inlist(id,4,14,23,32,41,56,65,82), by(id, cols(4))
Figure 4.2, page 79
* Note: the book randomly samples 32 IDs for these plots, our sample will not match exactly
gen r = uniform()
sort id
by id: egen idr = mean(r)
sort idr
keep if _n in 1/96
drop r idr
sum peer
gen peerhi = (peer >= r(mean))
capture drop p
quietly xi: reg alcuse i.id*age
predict p
xtline p if coa==0, overlay t(age) i(id) legend(off) title("COA=0") name(gg1)
capture drop p
quietly xi: reg alcuse i.id*age
predict p
xtline p if coa==1, overlay t(age) i(id) legend(off) title("COA=1") name(gg2)
capture drop p
quietly xi: reg alcuse i.id*age
predict p
xtline p if peerhi==0, overlay t(age) i(id) legend(off) title("Low PEER") name(gg3)
capture drop p
quietly xi: reg alcuse i.id*age
predict p
xtline p if peerhi==1, overlay t(age) i(id) legend(off) title("High PEER") name(gg4)
graph combine gg1 gg2 gg3 gg4
use http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/stata/examples/alda/data/alcohol1_pp, clear
Table 4.1, pages 94-95
* Make variables needed for model generate coaBYage_14 = coa * age_14 generate peerBYage_14 = peer * age_14 generate cpeerBYage_14 = cpeer * age_14
* Model A
xtmixed alcuse || id: , variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -335.07799
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -335.07799
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(0) = .
Log likelihood = -335.07799 Prob > chi2 = .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
_cons | .9219549 .0957073 9.63 0.000 .734372 1.109538
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Identity |
var(_cons) | .5638619 .1191124 .3727018 .8530686
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .561747 .0620346 .4524194 .6974936
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chibar2(01) = 57.07 Prob >= chibar2 = 0.0000
* Model B
xtmixed alcuse age_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -318.31559
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -318.30556
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -318.30554
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(1) = 18.78
Log likelihood = -318.30554 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
age_14 | .2706514 .0624548 4.33 0.000 .1482423 .3930606
_cons | .6513035 .1050803 6.20 0.000 .4453498 .8572572
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .1512035 .0564703 .0727213 .3143849
var(_cons) | .6243576 .1480618 .3922629 .9937785
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0684405 .0700779 -.2057906 .0689096
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372916 .052676 .2483536 .4580793
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 79.70 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
* Model C
xtmixed alcuse coa age_14 coaBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -310.61555
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -310.60136
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -310.60131
Iteration 3: log likelihood = -310.60131
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(3) = 35.77
Log likelihood = -310.60131 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
coa | .743212 .1945656 3.82 0.000 .3618705 1.124554
age_14 | .2929552 .0842277 3.48 0.001 .1278719 .4580384
coaBYage_14 | -.0494299 .1253894 -0.39 0.693 -.2951887 .1963288
_cons | .3159517 .1306953 2.42 0.016 .0597936 .5721098
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .1505975 .0563867 .0722954 .3137073
var(_cons) | .4875799 .1278182 .2916788 .8150547
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0593426 .0657277 -.1881665 .0694812
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372923 .0526762 .248354 .4580805
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 66.15 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
* Model D
xtmixed alcuse coa peer age_14 coaBYage_14 peerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -294.4103
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -294.34565
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -294.34532
Iteration 3: log likelihood = -294.34532
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(5) = 84.14
Log likelihood = -294.34532 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
coa | .5791651 .162486 3.56 0.000 .2606984 .8976317
peer | .6942956 .1115329 6.23 0.000 .4756952 .912896
age_14 | .4294286 .1136893 3.78 0.000 .2066017 .6522555
coaBYage_14 | -.0140319 .124765 -0.11 0.910 -.2585669 .2305031
peerBYage_14 | -.149815 .0856406 -1.75 0.080 -.3176676 .0180375
_cons | -.3165142 .1480616 -2.14 0.033 -.6067096 -.0263187
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .139112 .0548071 .0642702 .301106
var(_cons) | .240905 .0925874 .1134233 .5116692
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0061151 .055002 -.1139171 .1016869
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372924 .0526762 .248354 .4580806
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 53.86 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
* Model E
xtmixed alcuse coa peer age_14 peerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -294.41657
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -294.35197
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -294.35165
Iteration 3: log likelihood = -294.35165
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(4) = 84.13
Log likelihood = -294.35165 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
coa | .571197 .1462266 3.91 0.000 .2845981 .8577959
peer | .6951827 .1112552 6.25 0.000 .4771264 .9132389
age_14 | .4246867 .1055901 4.02 0.000 .2177339 .6316394
peerBYage_14 | -.1513771 .0845133 -1.79 0.073 -.3170201 .0142659
_cons | -.3138215 .1461149 -2.15 0.032 -.6002014 -.0274415
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .1391594 .0548136 .0643032 .301157
var(_cons) | .2409203 .0925912 .1134324 .5116931
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0061421 .0550086 -.1139569 .1016727
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372924 .0526762 .248354 .4580806
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 53.86 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
* Model F
xtmixed alcuse coa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -294.41657
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -294.35197
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -294.35165
Iteration 3: log likelihood = -294.35165
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(4) = 84.13
Log likelihood = -294.35165 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
coa | .571197 .1462266 3.91 0.000 .2845981 .8577959
cpeer | .6951827 .1112552 6.25 0.000 .4771264 .9132389
age_14 | .2705847 .0612677 4.42 0.000 .1505023 .3906672
cpeerBYag~14 | -.1513771 .0845133 -1.79 0.073 -.3170201 .0142659
_cons | .3938745 .1035383 3.80 0.000 .1909432 .5968057
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .1391595 .0548136 .0643032 .301157
var(_cons) | .2409203 .0925912 .1134324 .5116931
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0061421 .0550086 -.1139569 .1016727
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372924 .0526762 .248354 .4580806
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 53.86 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
* Model G
xtmixed alcuse ccoa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
Performing EM optimization:
Performing gradient-based optimization:
Iteration 0: log likelihood = -294.41657
Iteration 1: log likelihood = -294.35197
Iteration 2: log likelihood = -294.35165
Iteration 3: log likelihood = -294.35165
Computing standard errors:
Mixed-effects ML regression Number of obs = 246
Group variable: id Number of groups = 82
Obs per group: min = 3
avg = 3.0
max = 3
Wald chi2(4) = 84.13
Log likelihood = -294.35165 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
alcuse | Coef. Std. Err. z P>|z| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
ccoa | .571197 .1462266 3.91 0.000 .2845981 .8577959
cpeer | .6951827 .1112552 6.25 0.000 .4771264 .9132389
age_14 | .2705847 .0612677 4.42 0.000 .1505023 .3906672
cpeerBYag~14 | -.1513771 .0845133 -1.79 0.073 -.3170201 .0142659
_cons | .6514843 .0797861 8.17 0.000 .4951064 .8078622
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random-effects Parameters | Estimate Std. Err. [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
id: Unstructured |
var(age_14) | .1391595 .0548136 .0643032 .301157
var(_cons) | .2409203 .0925912 .1134324 .5116931
cov(age_14,_cons) | -.0061421 .0550086 -.1139569 .1016727
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
var(Residual) | .3372924 .0526762 .248354 .4580806
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression: chi2(3) = 53.86 Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference
Figure 4.3 on page 99.
* Model B xtmixed alcuse age_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle predict yhatb line yhatb age, xlabel(13 14 to 17) ylabel(0 1 2) sort
* model c
xtmixed alcuse coa age_14 coaBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
predict yhatc
graph twoway (line yhatc age if coa==0, sort) ///
(line yhatc age if coa==1, sort), ///
ylabel(0 1 2) xlabel(13 14 to 17) ///
legend(label(1 "COA=0") label(2 "COA=1"))
* Model E
xtmixed alcuse coa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
preserve
replace cpeer = .655
replace cpeerBYage_14 = cpeer * age_14
predict yhatf_lopeer
replace cpeer = 1.381
replace cpeerBYage_14 = cpeer * age_14
predict yhatf_hipeer
graph twoway (line yhatf_hipeer yhatf_lopeer age if coa==1, sort) ///
(line yhatf_hipeer yhatf_lopeer age if coa==0, sort), ///
ylabel(0 1 2) xlabel(13 14 to 17) ///
legend(label(1 "COA=1 PEER=High") label(2 "COA=1 PEER=Low") ///
label(3 "COA=0 PEER=High") label(4 "COA=0 PEER=Low"))
restore
Test of equation 4.18 on page 123 using model F.
* Model F
xtmixed alcuse coa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle
test [alcuse]_cons [alcuse]age_14
( 1) [alcuse]_cons = 0
( 2) [alcuse]age_14 = 0
chi2( 2) = 51.03
Prob > chi2 = 0.0000
Figure 4.4 on page 130.
preserve sort id save temp, replace statsby , by(id) clear : regress alcuse age_14 sort id merge id using temp scatter _b_cons coa, name(g1) scatter _b_cons peer, name(g2) scatter _b_age_14 coa, name(g3) scatter _b_age_14 peer, name(g4) graph combine g1 g2 g3 g4
corr _b* coa peer
(obs=246)
| _b_ag~14 _b_cons coa peer
-------------+------------------------------------
_b_age_14 | 1.0000
_b_cons | -0.4406 1.0000
coa | -0.0435 0.3887 1.0000
peer | -0.1940 0.5781 0.1622 1.0000
restore
Figure 4.5 on page 131.
xtmixed alcuse coa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14 , cov(un) variance mle predict e, resid predict e_age e_cons , reffects level(id) qnorm e, name(g1) qnorm e_cons, name(g2) qnorm e_age, name(g3) egen ze = std(e) egen ze_age = std(e_age) egen ze_cons = std(e_cons) scatter ze id, name(g4) scatter ze_cons id, name(g5) scatter ze_age id, name(g6) graph combine g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6, cols(2) colfirst
Figure 4.6 on page 133.
scatter e age, yscale(range(-2 2)) ylabel(-2(1)2) ytitle("Level 1 Residuals")
scatter e_cons coa, yscale(range(-1 1)) ylabel(-1(1)1) ytitle("Level 2 Residuals") name(fig46_2) scatter e_cons peer, yscale(range(-1 1)) ylabel(-1(1)1) ytitle("Level 2 Residuals") name(fig46_3) scatter e_age coa, yscale(range(-1 1)) ylabel(-1(1)1) ytitle("Level 2 Residuals") name(fig46_4) scatter e_age peer, yscale(range(-1 1)) ylabel(-1(1)1) ytitle("Level 2 Residuals") name(fig46_5) graph combine fig46_2 fig46_3 fig46_4 fig46_5, cols(2)
Figure 4.7 on page 136.
*Population Averages reg alcuse age_14 coa cpeer cpeerBYage_14 predict pPA * Model F xtmixed alcuse coa cpeer age_14 cpeerBYage_14 || id: age_14, cov(un) variance mle predict e_age e_cons , reffects level(id) * Create Empirical Bayes Estimates gen bayes0 = .3938745 + .571197*coa + .6951827*cpeer + e_cons gen bayes1 = .2705847 - .1513771*cpeer + e_age gen pbayes = bayes0 + bayes1 * age_14 graph twoway (scatter alcuse age)(lfit alcuse age)(lfit pPA age)(lfit pbayes age) /// if inlist(id,4,14,23,32,41,56,65,82), /// yscale(range(-1 4)) by(id, cols(4)) legend(label(1 "Data Points") label(2 "OLS")label(3 "Population Averages")label(4 "Empirical Bayes"))
